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The role of the state in China’s post-disaster reconstruction planning: Implications for resilience
Abstract: Rooted in natural and engineering sciences, the concept of resilience has attracted growing attention in social science and public policy. The evolving resilience paradigm assumes the concept is at odds with state control, and instead emphasises the coping capacities of communities and individuals. This assumption might overlook the multifaceted and context-specific nature of resilience. Drawing on an empirical study of state-led reconstruction planning, this article argues that it is the deep and active involvement of the state, rather than its retreat, that helps promote resilience building in China’s earthquake-hit areas. Through a combination of online questionnaire survey and interviews, the article assesses how the Chinese state mobilises and coordinates a wide range of state and non-state actors to enable communities to achieve different aspects of resilience, while also sometimes constraining them from doing so.
摘要：复原力的概念植根于自然科学和工程科学，在社会科学和公共政策中引起了越来越多的关注。不断演变的复原力范式假设这一概念与国家控制格格不入，而是强调社区和个人的应对能力。这一假设可能忽略了复原力的多面性和因背景而异的性质。本文以国家主导的重建规划的实证研究为基础，认为促进中国地震灾区抗灾能力建设的是国家的深度和积极参与，而不是退缩。通过在线问卷调查和访谈相结合的方式，本文评估了中国政府如何动员和协调广泛的国家和非国家行为者，使社区能够实现不同方面的复原力，但同时，这样的做法有时也限制了社区的复原力。
Keywords: built environment, planning, policy, reconstruction planning, resilience
关键词：建筑环境, 规划, 政策, 重建规划, 复原力
原文地址：https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098019859232
The dynamics of poverty, employment and access to amenities in polycentric cities: Measuring the decentralisation of poverty and its impacts in England and Wales
多中心城市的贫困、就业和设施使用的机制：衡量英格兰和威尔士的贫困分散及其影响
Abstract: A growing number of studies of European and North American cities have shown that poverty is moving away from urban centres in a process known as the decentralisation (or suburbanisation) of poverty. These findings raise important questions about the impact on the quality of life for poorer residents who face financial constraints with respect to their access to transport. This article investigates the implications of the decentralisation of poverty for access to amenities and employment. Using data on England and Wales, we find that the decentralisation of poverty has led to greater inequalities between poor and non-poor households in access to both employment and amenities in large urban areas. We also provide two methodological innovations: (1) we address the long-standing methodological problem of measuring centralisation for cities with multiple urban centres by developing a generalised formula for the RCI (relative centralisation index), and (2) we demonstrate the use of OpenStreetMap data for identifying urban centres.
摘要：越来越多对欧洲和北美城市的研究表明，贫困正从城市中心转移，这一过程被称为贫困的分散化(或郊区化)。这些发现提出了一些重要问题，即在交通方面面临财政限制的贫困居民的生活质量会受到哪些影响。本文调查了贫困分散化对获得福利和就业的影响。利用英格兰和威尔士的数据，我们发现，在大城市地区，贫困的分散导致贫困和非贫困家庭在获得就业和福利方面的不平等加剧。我们还提供了两个方法创新：(1)通过为RCI（相对中心化指数）开发一个通用公式，我们解决了长期以来存在的、衡量具有多个城市中心的城市中心化的方法问题；(2)我们演示了如何使用开放街道地图数据来识别城市中心。
Keywords: cohesion/segregation, displacement/gentrification, diversity, employment, inequality, labour, method
关键词：凝聚力/隔离, 驱逐/绅士化, 多元化, 就业, 不平等, 劳动力, 方法
原文地址：https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098019860776
The frontier of digital opportunity: Smart city implementation in small, rural and remote communities in Canada
数字机遇的前沿：加拿大的小型、农村和偏远社区智能城市的实践
Zachary Spicer（多伦多大学，加拿大）
Nicole Goodman（布鲁克大学，加拿大）
Nathan Olmstead（多伦多大学，加拿大）
Abstract: Studies of ‘smart cities’ in Canada primarily focus on large cities but not small, rural and remote communities. As a result, we have a limited understanding of the incentive structures for smaller, remote and rural communities to pursue smart city development. This knowledge deficit is concerning, since the introduction of technology can hold a number of unique benefits for these communities, including easier connections to the rest of Canada and large urban centres, reputation building, improved service delivery and enhanced opportunities for residents. Drawing upon localised forms of knowledge creation, policy development theories, adoption and local competition literature and primary interviews with private and public officials, we examine the challenges and opportunities of ‘smart city’ implementation through case studies of small and rural municipalities in Annapolis Valley in Nova Scotia and a remote community, Iqaluit, Nunavut. We find that collaboration is essential for rural and remote pursuit of smart city development and is necessary to counteract the limitations of capacity, scale and digital divides. Challenges aside, however, the primary rationale for adoption of smart city technology remains the same regardless of size: enhanced quality of life for residents and sustained community health.
摘要：加拿大对“智慧城市”的研究主要集中在大城市，而不是小城市、农村和偏远社区。因此，我们对小型、偏远和农村社区追求智慧城市发展的激励结构了解有限。这种知识不足令人担忧，因为技术的引入可以为这些社区带来许多独特的好处，包括更容易与加拿大其他地区和大型城市中心联系、建立声誉、改善服务提供和增加居民的机会。借助本地化形式的知识创造、政策发展理论、采纳和当地竞争文献以及对私营和公共官员的初步访谈，我们通过对新斯科舍省安纳波利斯谷的小城镇和农村城镇以及努纳武特省伊卡路特的一个偏远社区的案例研究，审视了实施“智慧城市”的挑战和机遇。我们发现，协作对于农村和偏远地区追求智慧城市发展至关重要，对于抵消容量、规模和数字鸿沟的限制也是必要的。然而，撇开挑战不谈，无论规模如何，采用智慧城市技术的主要理由都是一样的：提高居民的生活质量和持续的社区健康。
关键词安纳波利斯谷, 加拿大, 伊卡利特, 乡村, 智慧城市
原文地址：https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098019863666
Urbanisation processes and new towns in contemporary China: A critical understanding from a decentred view
当代中国的城市化进程与新城镇建设：去中心化视角下的批判性理解
Francesca Governa（都灵理工大学，意大利）
Angelo Sampieri（都灵理工大学，意大利）
Abstract: The article discusses the results of research on Chinese new towns focusing on three places: Tongzhou New Town, located in the eastern suburban expansion of Beijing; Zhaoqing New Area, currently being built approximately 20km from the old city of Zhaoqing (Guandong Province); and Zhengdong New District, located near Zhengzhou (inland Henan Province). Tongzhou, Zhaoqing and Zhengdong have absolutely nothing in common: location, size, spaces, economies, inhabitants, or when and how they were built. However, studying these places allowed us to identify two issues that still seem to be in need of investigation both empirically and theoretically: the spatial features and regional scaling-up of the Chinese urbanisation processes. While presenting these issues, on the one hand, the article emphasises their specificity in the investigated contexts and, on the other, it transcends these specific cases in order to question urban studies beyond the (alleged) exceptionality of Chinese urbanisation. By adopting this approach, Chinese new towns become an object of study as well as a specific viewpoint from which to examine contemporary urbanisation and radically re-discuss old categories, conceptualisations and even the epistemology of the urban.
摘要：本文从论述了关于中国新城的研究成果，我们专注于三个地方：通州新城，位于北京东郊；肇庆新区，目前正在建设中，距离肇庆老城区（广东省）约20公里；和郑东新区，位于郑州（内陆河南省）附近。通州、肇庆和郑东完全没有共同点：无论是位置、面积、空间、经济、居民，或者它们是何时以及如何建设的。然而，研究这些地方让我们能够发现两个似乎仍然需要从实证和理论上进行研究的问题：中国城市化进程的空间特征和区域扩展。本文在提出这些问题的同时，一方面强调了这些问题在研究背景下的特殊性，另一方面超越了这些具体案例，质疑中国城市化（所谓的）特殊性之外的城市研究。通过采用这种方法，中国的新城镇成为研究的对象和具体的角度，我们从这个角度来审视当代城市化，并从根本上重新讨论旧的类别、概念甚至城市认识论。
Keywords: agglomeration, urbanisation, China, demographics, globalisation, migration, new towns, planning
关键词：集聚, 城市化, 中国, 人口统计学, 全球化, 移民, 新城镇, 规划
原文地址：https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098019860807
Urban Studies 论文快递：第三十四期
Urban Studies 论文快递：第三十五期
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