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A conceptual framework for understanding neighbourhoods in the digital age
Abstract: Digital platforms are a central infrastructure that has dramatically changed our daily lives. Like any other urban infrastructure and amenity, the digital platform has a heterogeneous influence on social groups. Studies exploring the influence of the digital on the mundane tend to focus on users, their socioeconomic status and their digital skills. However, digitisation is not an exogenous force; rather, it relates to culture and place. The departure point of this article is to conceptualise the idea of neighbourhood in the digital age, which offers a path towards understanding the role of the digital in our daily lives in relation to places. The article starts by discussing the neighbourhood and digitisation, addressing gaps and links that connect these themes. This discussion is followed by presentation of a framework linking the material with the virtual in understanding neighbourhoods. This framework is based on gathering data on four key issues: spatial configuration, digital infrastructure, demographic profile and digital participation in a neighbourhood. Jointly, these four issues are viewed as the means to contextualise and expand the way we think about the interplay between infrastructures and the agency of the neighbourhood’s inhabitants.
摘要：数字平台极大地改变了我们的日常生活，是一种核心基础设施。与其他城市基础设施和便利设施一样，数字平台对不同社会群体的影响是异质性的。探索数字技术对日常生活影响的研究往往侧重于用户、其社会经济地位和数字技能。然而，数字化并不是外力，而是与文化和地域有关。本文的出发点是将数字时代的“街区”理念概念化，为理解数字技术在我们日常生活中与地方相关的作用提供途径。本文首先讨论了街区和数字化，探讨了这两个主题之间的差距和联系。之后，笔者提出一个将物质与虚拟联系起来理解社区的框架。该框架以所收集的四个关键问题相关数据为基础：街区的空间布局、数字基础设施、人口统计资料和数字参与度。总的来说，这四个问题被视为一种途径，旨在将我们对基础设施和街区居民能动性之间相互作用的思考置于环境背景中并加以扩展。
Keywords: digitisation, inhabitants, methodology, segregation, smart cities
原文地址：https://doi.org/10.1177/00420980241257392
Bridging ‘infrastructural solutions’ and ‘infrastructures as solution’: Regional promises and urban pragmatism
在“基础设施解决方案”和“作为解决方案的基础设施”之间架起桥梁——区域期望与城市实用主义
Jean-Paul D Addie（美国佐治亚州立大学）
Abstract: The potential of infrastructure ‘as a solution’ is currently at the forefront of American political consciousness. Historic levels of investment in infrastructure proffer seismic material, economic, and symbolic transformations at a near-continental scale. However, the present policy context for infrastructure planning in the US is confounded by a mosaic of decision-making authorities that hamper the development of cohesive approaches to sustainable and equitable development. This situation underscores the need to identify how infrastructural futures are assembled and scaled as simultaneously continuous and emergent, old and new, and marked by the diverse capacities of various stakeholders. This paper makes a case for ‘seeing like a region’ when examining transformative approaches to infrastructural change, as infrastructure systems regularly transcend the boundaries of urban space and hence become enmeshed in the goals of broader constituencies and interests. Through a case study of the Southwestern Pennsylvania Commission, we question how infrastructural futures are understood and materialised by the region’s central planning stakeholders. Our analysis pays particular attention to the challenges faced by regional planning organisations when navigating the spatial–temporal frames of incremental and radical change. As the Southwestern Pennsylvania Commission operates with limited staff capacity, high regulatory burdens, and short time horizons for budgeting processes, incremental changes to infrastructure often are the best hope for solving regional challenges of structural inequality and uneven access to resources. This demonstrates how the solutions proffered by infrastructural development are confounded by the dynamics that come into focus when evaluated from the regional scale. Yet we also identify possibilities for regional approaches that foster equitable urban futures within the spatial envelopes created by infrastructural systems and imaginaries that transition from reactive ‘infrastructural solutions’ to a proactive materialisation of ‘infrastructures as solutions’.
摘要：基础设施“作为解决方案”的潜力目前处于美国政治意识的最前沿。基础设施投资的历史水平带来了近乎整个（美国）大陆范围的物质、经济和象征性变革。然而，目前美国基础设施规划的政策环境因决策机构混乱而变得混乱，阻碍了可持续和公平发展的统一方针的制定。这种情况凸显了我们有必要确定基础设施未来如何组合和扩展，使其同时具有连续性和新兴性、古老性和新颖性，并以各利益相关者不同的能力为特征。本文从区域视角考察基础设施变革的转型方法，因为基础设施系统经常超越城市空间的界限，与更广泛的选区和利益的目标交织在一起。通过对宾夕法尼亚州西南部委员会进行案例研究，笔者对该地区的集中规划利益相关者如何理解和实现基础设施的未来提出了质疑。我们的分析特别关注区域规划组织在探索渐进式和根本性变革的时空框架时所面临的挑战。由于宾夕法尼亚州西南部委员会工作人员能力有限、监管负担重，加上预算流程时间紧迫，基础设施的渐进式变革往往是解决区域结构性不平等和资源获取不均衡挑战的最大希望。这揭示了从区域尺度进行评估时，基础设施发展所提供的解决方案是如何因所关注的动态因素而变得复杂的。然而，我们也发现了区域方法的一些可能性，这些方法在基础设施系统和想象所创造的空间范围内促进公平的城市未来，从被动的“基础设施解决方案”转变为主动实现“将基础设施作为解决方案”。
Keywords: infrastructural regionalism, infrastructures as solutions, long-range planning, Metropolitan Planning Organizations (MPOs), regional governance, regional futures, transportation infrastructure
关键词：基础设施区域主义、基础设施作为解决方案、长期规划、大都市规划组织、区域治理、未来、交通基础设施
原文地址：https://doi.org/10.1177/00420980241262232
Firm dynamics in urban neighbourhoods and innovation: A microgeographic analysis
城市街区中的企业动态与创新——微观地理尺度的分析
Charlotte Rochell（德国柏林工业大学）
Abstract: What happens to firms’ innovation activities when new firms enter or leave their urban neighbourhood? We empirically explore the role of knowledge spillovers through firm dynamics using firm-level panel data from Berlin. The results indicate that an increase in firm activities in the neighbourhood through entries and influx positively relates to incumbents’ innovation activities. This finding is restricted to diversity externalities which work on a very small microgeographic scale, vanishing already after a quarter of a kilometre. For specialisation externalities through firm dynamics, we cannot find a link to innovation in incumbents.
摘要：当新企业进入或离开其所在的城市街区时，企业的创新活动会发生什么变化？我们利用柏林的企业级面板数据，通过企业动态，对知识外溢所发挥的作用进行实证研究。结果表明，企业的进入和涌入所导致的街区企业活动的增加与现有企业的创新活动呈正相关。这一发现仅限于在非常小的微地理尺度上起作用的多元化外部性，在250m之后就会消失。对于通过企业动态体现的专业化外部性，我们无法找到其与现有企业创新之间的联系。
Keywords: agglomeration, diversity/specialisation, firm dynamics, microgeography, product innovation
关键词：集聚、多元化/专业化、企业动态、微观地理、产品创新
原文地址：https://doi.org/10.1177/00420980241264715
Temporary temporariness? The (mis)use of tactical urbanism from the ‘open city’ framework
临时使用？从“开放城市”框架看战术城市主义的（错误）使用
Lina Naoroz Bråten（挪威科技大学）
Abstract: This paper discusses how Tactical Urbanism aligns with the principles of the ‘open city’ framework. The ‘open city’ is often theorised as the urban condition that best welcomes diverse and flexible use of a city’s public spaces. However, the nature of the planning system at its core is to control and predict urban development, thereby effectively reinforcing the principle of a ‘closed city’ with more fixed and rigid forms. One counter-reaction to the ‘closed city’ is the Tactical Urbanism movement, which applies principles of simple, low-cost, and often temporary public space interventions to achieve and accelerate change. Such interventions can create more ‘open’ and inclusive urban environments, enabling diversity and flexibility. However, Tactical Urbanism is applied in multiple forms by different actors with varying intentions and goals. In this paper, I question the role of Tactical Urbanism in congruence with the theoretical framework of the ‘open (and vibrant) city’, drawing attention to how tactical interventions are used to brand new development projects. Doing so, I ask if Tactical Urbanism can be (mis)used merely as ‘temporary temporariness’ to serve top-down planning strategies, resulting in the ‘closed city’.
摘要：本文探讨战术城市化如何与“开放城市”框架的原则相一致。理论上，“开放城市”通常被认为是一种最能适应城市公共空间多元化和灵活使用的城市条件。然而，规划制度的核心本质是控制和预测城市发展，从而有效地强化“封闭城市”的原则，使其形式更加固定和僵化。战术城市化是对抗“封闭城市”的运动，它运用简单、低成本且通常是临时的公共空间干预来实现和加速变革。这些干预措施可以创造更加“开放”和包容的城市环境，实现多元化和灵活性。然而，战术城市化被不同的参与者以多种形式应用时，具有不同的意图和目标。本文对战术城市化与“开放（和充满活力的）城市”理论框架的一致性提出了质疑，并呼吁关注如何将战术干预应用于全新的开发项目。据此，笔者提出质疑：战术城市化是否会仅被（误）用作“短暂的临时措施”来服务自上而下的规划策略，从而导致“封闭城市”的出现？
Keywords: neoliberal development, open city, public space, tactical urbanism, urban design
关键词：新自由主义发展、开放城市、公共空间、战术城市化、城市设计
原文地址：https://doi.org/10.1177/00420980241263436
What is local government financialisation? Four empirical channels to clarify the roles of local government
什么是地方政府金融化？厘清地方政府角色的四种实证渠道
Hannah Hasenberger（英国赫特福德大学）
Abstract: Recent literature at the nexus of geography and political economy notes that local governments are becoming financialised. But it is not always clear what this means. Specifically, what is being financialised? And what is the role of local governments in this process? Building on Whiteside’s definition of local state-led financialisation as enabled and internal, this article combines a systematic literature review with the comparative analysis of country-level statistics to clarify this process further. It identifies four channels through which local government financialisation unfolds empirically. First, local governments enable the financialisation of public assets and services through privatisation and outsourcing and by applying financial principles to land use planning. Second, they borrow against their own assets. Third, local governments use bonds and derivatives to manage the risks and costs of their borrowing. Fourth, they invest to generate financial income. Focusing on high-income countries in Western Europe, the article extends the geographical remit of the US- and UK-centric literature. Building on its findings, the article highlights two avenues for further research. First, internationally comparative research can explore how the structural context in which local governments operate shapes their financialisation. Second, critical research into the tension between the objectives and risks of local government financialisation adds nuance to current debates.
摘要：地理学和政治经济领域的最新文献指出，地方政府正日趋金融化。但我们并不是完全清楚这到底意味着什么。具体来说，什么正在被金融化？地方政府在这个过程中起什么作用？怀特塞德将地方政府主导的金融化定义为赋能的内部过程，基于该定义，本文将系统性文献综述与国家级统计数据的比较分析相结合，以进一步阐明这一过程。从实证角度出发，本文指出了地方政府在实践中开展金融化的四种渠道。首先，地方政府通过私有化和外包以及将金融原则应用于土地利用规划来实现公共资产和服务的金融化。其次，地方政府以自有资产为抵押进行借贷。第三，地方政府利用债券和衍生品来管理借贷风险和成本。第四，地方政府通过投资产生财务收益。本文重点关注西欧高收入国家，扩展了以美国和英国为中心的文献的地理范围。在研究结果的基础上，本文强调了进一步研究的两个途径。首先，国际比较研究可以探讨地方政府运作的结构背景如何影响其金融化。其次，对地方政府金融化的目标和风险之间的紧张关系进行批判性研究，为当前的讨论添加更多不同的细节。
Keywords: debt-based investment, debt management, financial investment, local government financialisation, privatisation
关键词：负债性投资、债务管理、金融投资、地方政府金融化、私有化
原文地址：https://doi.org/10.1177/00420980231222133
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